Maxwell's equations may be combined to demonstrate how fluctuations in electromagnetic fields (waves) propagate at a constant speed in vacuum, c (299,792,458 m/s)
Typically, the wave equation of an electromagnetic wave can be expressed as a combination of the following four equations.
Maxwell's equations are a set of four partial differential equations that describe the behavior of electromagnetic fields, and are fundamental to our understanding of electromagnetism.
The four Maxwell's equations are:
Gauss's law for electric fields: This equation relates the electric field to the charge distribution that produces it. It states that the total electric flux through any closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed within that surface.
Gauss's law for magnetic fields: This equation relates the magnetic field to the magnetic charge distribution that produces it. It states that the total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction: This equation describes how a changing magnetic field generates an electric field. It states that the electromotive force (EMF) generated in any closed loop is equal to the negative rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop.
Ampere's law with Maxwell's addition: This equation relates the magnetic field to the current that produces it. It states that the circulation of the magnetic field around any closed loop is proportional to the current passing through the loop, with an added term known as the displacement current, which is proportional to the rate of change of the electric field in the region enclosed by the loop.
These equations together provide a complete description of the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, and form the basis of many important technologies, such as radio communication and electrical power generation.
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